Hidden Protectionism? Evidence from Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade in the United States

Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade

that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...

The InvIsIble barrIers To Trade how busInesses experIence non-TarIff measures THE INVISIBLE BARRIERS TO TRADE

Non-Tariff Barriers and Trade Liberalization∗

This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there is a progression from using tariffs only to quotas, and to antidumping constraints (when quotas are jointly eliminated). Second, there is a narrowing of th...

Modeling Tariff to Analyze Protectionism

The modeling of trading wars is now an actual and modern problem although the first works on optimization of the custom duties date back to the end of the 19th century. The problem of reducing the number of possible solutions to the conflict and precise identifying of the optimal strategies is important. Applying a mathematical model makes the problem more formal, allows removing political tens...

Stock Market Interactions between the BRICS and the United States: Evidence from Asymmetric Granger Causality Tests in the Frequency Domain

The interaction of BRICS stock markets with the United States is studied using an asymmetric Granger causality test based on the frequency domain. This type of analysis allows for both positive and negative shocks over different horizons. There is a clear bivariate causality that runs both ways between the United States stock market and the respective BRICS markets. In addition, both negative a...